Encryption, spyware, and now Mythos: History shows why cyber export control doesn’t work

The article argues that attempts to restrict the spread of cybersecurity-related software have repeatedly failed over the past 30 years, from encryption tools to spyware. It questions why export controls would be more effective now for Anthropic’s Mythos model.

The debate highlights a recurring tension between national security goals and the inherently borderless nature of software. As AI systems become more capable in cyber operations, policymakers may push harder for export controls, but history suggests enforcement and unintended consequences will remain major challenges.